Gagnonville

Gagnonville is located in the Cote-Nord of Quebec,Canada. It is a ghost town on Barbel Lake. Gagnon was found by Quebec Cartier Mining Company for purposes of mining iron ore. Every winter, the plane arrived bringing materials to build a pilot plant. Garnon had more than 4000 residents. It had an airport, churches, schools, a town hall, an arena, a hospital and a large commercial center. In 1985, the mines were closed and the town fully dismantled. An the town main street and the airport runway are all that remains. Gagnon had the first black in the history of Quebec, Haitian immigrants Rene Coicou who was major from 1973 to 1985.

The First Winter

The summery of the first winter talks about a mother and her kids trying to survive. And his dad left them for a wile. But one of the nights the mother got sick and she was dying from the cold. Their mother died in the middle of the night. But, before the mother died she told to her daughter to take care of her brother. So she did but not for a long period since, their dad came home to take care of his children.

Economy and Development Contemporary Period

Dossier 4

Economic development

• Canada economy relied on the timber agriculture and fishing industries.
• 1850 - industrialization expanded rapidly with a second phase.

The Primary sector 

• World War 2 the countryside was electrified and got electric power and electric appliances such as refrigerators.
• Agriculture was becoming more diversified.
• Farmers were becoming specialized in diary production.
• The number of farms decreased considerably while their size and productivity increased.
• Agriculture  as a family-run business was replaced by small or medium sized farming.

The Secondary sector 

• 19th century - first effected light industries producing everyday necessities such as leather, shoes, etc.
• Pulp and paper and other wood-processed products.
• Ore processing ( for example, aluminum in Sanguenay).
•  Chemical products manufacturing 
• Transportation material particularly for railroads.
• 1970 - A proportion of the secondary sector industries has decreased.
• The textile and the clothing industries suffered from strong competition.

Hydroelectricity 

• Quebec held a major natural advantage.
• Shawinigan water and power ensured both the building of these stations and the production of electricity.
• The companies preferred to sell their electricity at varying price, to large industries 
• 1963 - the government of Quebec nationalized the electricity industry.
• Large projects in James Bay, particularly the Manic-Outardes complex in the 1960s.
• Quebec became the world leader in hydroelectricity.
• Hydro-Quebec ended private control of the hydroelectricity industry.
• Hydro-Quebec attracted high energy consumption industries as clients.

The tertiary sector 

• 20th century - the tertiary sector grew.
• Jobs in the fields of administration and finance were more numerous.
• The social measures by the government created numerous jobs in the field.
• Jobs in the tertiary sector did not necessarily offer better salaries than jobs in the primary and secondary sectors.

Concentration of Capital

• At the end of the 19th century -  the mean of production were concentrated in the hands of a small number of companies.
• The capitalist owners of these companies formed a dominant social class.
• The phenomenon of concentration also occurred with the banks.
• The Canadian pacific railroad and the laurentide paper company borrowed from the banks to build infrastructures. 
• After world war 1 - American investments in the Canadian economy grew, while that of great Britain declined.
• American capital was used to develop the natural resources in Quebec.
• 1920 -  the United States was also the principal clients for Canadian exports.

Economic cycles 

• Quebec experienced economic growth at the start of the 20th century.
• 1929 -  overproduction led to a crisis that effected all industrialized countries.
• In Quebec the average income fell by more than 37% during this time.
• When war was declared in 1939 it brought about a spectacular recovery of the Canadian economy.
• The county furnished its allies with weapons, airplanes, ships, iron, steel, transportation tools and chemical products.
• After  the war, Quebec experienced a strong demographic growth.
• workers had accumulated savings the employment rate was high and wages were increasing.
• 1973 - the energy crists brought about an increase in the price of oil.
• 1981 - the situation gave rise to an economic recession that lasted until the following year when the economy began a slow recovery.
• The end of 20th century was marked by two other short recessions.

Government economic policies 

• 1930 -  the state rarely intervened in economic development.
• The great depression of the 1930s the government came to the rescue of the poor and propose agricultural colonization.
• The Government of Quebec created L'office du credit agricole in 1936.
• The wisdome of economic liberalism was questioned.
• The federal government established programs like unemployment insurance.
• 1960  during the quiet revolution the government of Quebec intervened further in the economy and created.

Foreign Trade polices

• 1860 - the Americans decided not to renew the free trade treaty signed in 1854 for the treaty of reciprocity.
• Canada reacted by developing its internal trade in order to assure its growth.
• The country was hit by an economic slowdown that affected the western economy starting in 1878 
• encourage immigration especially in western Canada.
• improve railway transportation to assure better circulation of goods and people.
• Impose customs traiffs of 25% to 30%.

Work relation 

• Industrialization  created the formation of a new social class.
• The horrible working conditions led workers to form unions.
• 1885 - despte a report by the royal commission investigating the relation between capital and work.
• The government of Quebec that adopted the first real works legislation.
• The 1940 were marked by difficult work conflicts punctuated by a number of strikes.
• The spectacular growth in employment in the tertiary sector and technological progress 

Economy and Development of British Rule

The decline in the the fur economy

• Scottish, English and American merchants settled in Montreal to practice the fur trade.
• Montreal merchants increased their fur supply. 
• 1783 - creation of the United States .
• The Great Lakes was lost to the new country.
• The Hudson Bay company was very costly 
• The Fur Trade would be based in the Hudson Bay and no longer in Montreal 
• Hudson Bay Company acquired supplies from Rubert's Land 
• Montreal merchants joined forces to form the Northwest Company

Expansion of the timber economy 

• 18th century- Great Britain obtained its wood supply from northern Europe.
• High transportation costs related to the crossing the Atlantic.
• A large increase in the number of commercial ships using the ports of the St. Lawrence.
• Lower Canada mainly produced lumber for ships.
• The amount of jobs created since mostly seasonal, were often handled by farmers.
• New trades across from the wood industry: lumber jacks cut the trees, loggers and raft men drove the  logs down river.
• The colonization of new regions such as the Outaouais, Seguenay, Lac St. Jean and the Mauricie. 

The Transformation of agriculture 

• Great Britain could no longer produce enough food to meet its own needs.
• Upper Canada produced more wheat 
• Lower Canada started cultivating other corps such as oats 
• Saguenay Lac St. Jean and the Mauricie started to develop agriculture also development in the regions that had been recently 

The beginning of industrialization

• 19th century was a transition period in the industrialization of Canada.
• The cities of Trois-rivieres, Montreal and Quebec were development.
• The birth of industrially capitalism also occured in the 19th century.
• French Canadians had any capital and competed fiercely against small entrepreneurs 
• Montreal grew in importance with capital and industries tending

Economic policies 

• Great Britain opted  for the adoption of a protectionist policy towards Canada.
• The protectionist policy was disliked in Great Britain by the supporters of Liberalism 
• Great Britain ceased its protectionist policies.
• 19th century - The liberals took control of the government.
• Canada Had to search for new markets for the distribution of its products 

Transportation infrastructure 

• Great Lake regions - upper Canada 
• Lower Canada - Farming 
• 1825 - construction of the Erie Canal in the United States 
• Canadian government began to financially support private initiatives to build transportation infrastructure.

Canals

• The Lachine Canal in Montreal (1821-1825)
• The Rideau Canal between Ottawa and Kingston (1826-1832)
• The Ottawa River to lake Ontario 
• The chambly Canal on the Richelieu River at St.Jean from 1833-1843.

The railroad 

• Railroad construction met the same needs as canal construction.
• 1851 - the buiding of the Great Trunk Railroad connected Sarnia, Ontario, to Montreal and Riviere-du-loup. 
• 1848- a railroad connecting Montreal to Portland in maine allowed Montreal to access the sea all year long.

Economy and development of New France

The economy of Fur:

• 17th century- Amerindian and French met each spring during fur trade.
• The Hurons Wendats- were the biggest fur suppliers.
• Hurons and French- obtains supplies from Amerindian nation, and the Outaouais.
• 1642- The Five Nations started to running out of fur.
• 1649- Iroquois destroyed all the village of Hurons-Wendat 
• The King of France imposed 25% in tax on the furs.

The company system

• 1627- Cardinal de Richelieu founded the company of one Hundred Associates.
• From 1645 to 1993- Merchanse from new France founded the Compagnie des Habitants 
• From 1664 to 1674 - Jean Batist Colbert founded the french west India Company 
• The companies that had a monopoly in the trading industry

Hudson's Bay Company

• Two french adventurers, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Medard chouart Des Groseilliers 
• They both explored the Hudson Bay 
• they were trying to find fur trade
• Between French and British - fur trade in this region was the subject of a bitter

Expansion of the territory

• Adventurers traveled the territory on the waterways.
• They explored- Great Lakes, the Prairies  rocky mountains, Hudson Bay, the Ohio valley and the Mississippi river 
• French and British disputed for the regions that were discovered.

The beaver crisis

• 1690- the beaver economy was in crisis.
• King ordered a slowdown of the fur trade 
• The fur trade was to intense

The economy of New France before 1663

• New France role was to enrich France 
• Samuel de chaplain submitted a paper to King Louis XIII
• The economy of the colony centered on the fur trade until 1663  

Agriculture

• French regime - agriculture was the activity that occupied most people.
• The population increase by cultivating territory.
• children from a large family made their own contribution.

Attempts to diversify the economy

• Jean Talon tried to make the colony economically independent 
• Talon encouraged the creation of workshops that produced wool
• He found the naval shipyard were his ships would be use to export the colony 
• 1665- New France started to sell some of its surplus fur. 
• (1711-1726) Michel Begon oversaw the construction of sawmills 

The currency

• 1760-the Canadians faced difficulties getting their paper money by France 
• New France and France exchanged for cash
• (1682-1686) Jacques de Meulles issued the card currency.
• Many Canadians only received one-fourth of its value 

Obstacles to diversification

• Most of the metal used for ship construction had to be imported from France.
• Their was lack of carpenters 
• All these factors made  it more expensive to build ships in New France than in France 

Geographic Distribution of Economic Activities: 

• Quebec could be divided in 4 different  regions: the resource regions, the central regions, the National Capital region and the regions of Montreal and Laval.
• The National Capital, Montreal and Laval are distinct urban regions with of a high proportion.
• The central regions are a large proportion of manufacturing activities and a great variety of service.

The Role of Business:

• Approximately 75% of the active population work in the private sector.
• The role of business are considered Quebec economic engine.
• SME make up the majority of businesses, most of the new employment opportunities.

The Importance of Exports:

• Quebec exports over $150 billion worth of goods and services, each year.
• In 2006, Quebec production for export was 15.3%.
• Approximately 30% of employment in Quebec is directly linked to exports.

Exporting Issues:

• Quebec is forced to set itself apart from the competition by offering superior quality or technology.
• Federal and provincial government commercial agreements with other countries.
• disadvantages of commercial agreements- Quebec are invested in the field of research and development and increase the training of its labour.
• Province of Quebec forces look for opening a foreign countries.

Employment and unemployment:

• unemployment rate-the lowest rate the past thirty years.
• The government give social society assistance to the unemployment.
• there are currently more and more jobs in the knowledge sector.
• Between education and employment is defined by the emergence of knowledge economy.

Population Since Confederation 2

Population distribution in the province: In the 20th century, the proportion of Quebec's urban population changed from 35% to 80%. The development of industries and the introduction of machinery in agriculture motivated people to leave the countryside to settle in the city. In the second half to the 20th century, city dwellers who wanted to improve their quality of life moved to the suburbs and to created the phenomenon know as urban sprawl. This development of cities created some problems.

Development of the regions:The middle of the 19th century, the government had tried to keep the population that wanted to emigrate to the United States and Western Canada.The French wanted to settled in this regions. This is how the population started to grow in the Sagnuenay Lac St. Jean, Bas St. Laurant , and Temiscaminque followed by Abitibi and the Laurentians.  In the 1930s, the Government of Quebec encouraged unemployed people to settle in the rural regions to improve their quality of life by cultivating their own food. After World War 2, attention was focused on other regions, this time it was for their natural resources. This is how important hydroelectric work sites were built in North-du-Quebec and also in Cote-Nord, where iron ore mining was developed. Abitibi-Temiscamingue and Gaspesie became important mining development.